Prepared by Paul John P. Lanic
B.S. Psychology - University of Santo Tomas
(October 2011)
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Francis Galton’s Theory of Intelligence
Ø Intelligence provides basis for specific ability that every individual possesses.
Ø Galton believed that intellectual ability is inherited.
Ø The person who is intelligent is likely to develop mechanical, artistic, musical, linguistic and mathematical abilities.
Albert Binet’s Theory of Intelligence
Ø Intelligence is the general ability to solve problems in different situations.
Ø He based his assumptions that good students have the tendency to perform all the tasks included in the Binet-Simon Scale, while poor students tend to do poorly on all tasks.
Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence (1904)
Ø He found that scores on a given tasks correlates highly with one another.
§ Positive Manifold – leads to a large 1st factor derived from factor analysis, dubbed general intelligence, or “g”.
§ The Principle of Indifference of the Indicator – it is unimportant indicator which particular test are used to asses general intelligence – they all intercorrelate highly anyway.
Thurston’s Theory
Ø He is best noted for his pioneering work in the area of intelligence.
Ø He identified 7 factors of intelligence; The Primary Mental Abilities:
§ reasoning
§ word fluency
§ perceptual speed
§ verbal comprehension
§ associative memory
§ spatial visualization
§ numerical calculation
The TriarchicTheory of Intelligence
Ø Developed by Robert Sternberg in 1984.
Ø 3 types of abilities in intelligence:
§ Componential intelligence – verbal reasoning and abilities
§ Experiential intelligence – ability to combine experiences through insight to solve problems.
§ Contextual intelligence – the ability to adjust & function other than school and daily social situations.
Ø In 1985, Sternberg has developed a theory of intelligence with 3 components: Analytic/Academic, Creative, & Practical intelligences wherein only the analytic can be measured by Psychometrics.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Ø In 1983, William Gardner proposed 7 forms of intelligences, namely:
§ Linguistic
§ Spatial
§ Bodily-Kinesthetic
§ Musical
§ Interpersonal
§ Intrapersonal
§ Logical-Mathematical
Ø Gardner defines an intelligence as consisting of 3 components:
1. The ability to create an effective product/offer a service that is valuable in one’s culture
2. A set of skills that enables an individual to solve problems encountered in life
I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient) – is the capacity to solve problems and make things.
3. The potential for finding or creating solutions for problems which enables a person to acquire new knowledge
Moral Intelligence – it is the ability to decide and to distinguish what is right and wrong when one makes a decision. Every child is born with the potential of being genius but only 4-10% of it is being utilized.
B.S. Psychology - University of Santo Tomas
(October 2011)
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
- It is the sum total of all cognitive processes and skills of an individual.
- It is the ability to understand abstract concepts, see relationships among objects and ideas, and use knowledge in a meaningful way.
- Intelligence is also the flexibility or versatility of an individual to adjust to new situations.
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
Francis Galton’s Theory of Intelligence
Ø Intelligence provides basis for specific ability that every individual possesses.
Ø Galton believed that intellectual ability is inherited.
Ø The person who is intelligent is likely to develop mechanical, artistic, musical, linguistic and mathematical abilities.
Albert Binet’s Theory of Intelligence
Ø Intelligence is the general ability to solve problems in different situations.
Ø He based his assumptions that good students have the tendency to perform all the tasks included in the Binet-Simon Scale, while poor students tend to do poorly on all tasks.
Spearman’s Theory of Intelligence (1904)
Ø He found that scores on a given tasks correlates highly with one another.
§ Positive Manifold – leads to a large 1st factor derived from factor analysis, dubbed general intelligence, or “g”.
§ The Principle of Indifference of the Indicator – it is unimportant indicator which particular test are used to asses general intelligence – they all intercorrelate highly anyway.
Thurston’s Theory
Ø He is best noted for his pioneering work in the area of intelligence.
Ø He identified 7 factors of intelligence; The Primary Mental Abilities:
§ reasoning
§ word fluency
§ perceptual speed
§ verbal comprehension
§ associative memory
§ spatial visualization
§ numerical calculation
The TriarchicTheory of Intelligence
Ø Developed by Robert Sternberg in 1984.
Ø 3 types of abilities in intelligence:
§ Componential intelligence – verbal reasoning and abilities
§ Experiential intelligence – ability to combine experiences through insight to solve problems.
§ Contextual intelligence – the ability to adjust & function other than school and daily social situations.
Ø In 1985, Sternberg has developed a theory of intelligence with 3 components: Analytic/Academic, Creative, & Practical intelligences wherein only the analytic can be measured by Psychometrics.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Ø In 1983, William Gardner proposed 7 forms of intelligences, namely:
§ Linguistic
§ Spatial
§ Bodily-Kinesthetic
§ Musical
§ Interpersonal
§ Intrapersonal
§ Logical-Mathematical
Ø Gardner defines an intelligence as consisting of 3 components:
1. The ability to create an effective product/offer a service that is valuable in one’s culture
2. A set of skills that enables an individual to solve problems encountered in life
I.Q. (Intelligence Quotient) – is the capacity to solve problems and make things.
3. The potential for finding or creating solutions for problems which enables a person to acquire new knowledge
Moral Intelligence – it is the ability to decide and to distinguish what is right and wrong when one makes a decision. Every child is born with the potential of being genius but only 4-10% of it is being utilized.